How Freshwater Fish Excrete Nitrogenous Waste: Ammonia, Toxicity, and Defense Insights
Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous waste mainly as ammonia (NH₃). Ammonia dissolves well in water, allowing for its efficient removal. Fish mainly use their gills for this process. While this method conserves metabolic energy, ammonia can be toxic at high levels, making its effective removal essential for the fish’s health and environmental balance. In freshwater environments, … Read more



