Are Sardines Freshwater Fish? Explore Their Habitat, Species, And Health Benefits [Updated On- 2025]

Sardines are mainly saltwater fish living in coastal areas. The only freshwater species is Sardinella tawilis, found in the Philippines. Sardines relate closely to herring and serve as important forage fish. They feed on plankton and often form large schools for protection and feeding.

Sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and essential vitamins, making them a nutritious choice for many diets. Their health benefits include supporting heart health, reducing inflammation, and improving bone strength. The high levels of vitamin B12 in sardines also contribute to energy production and brain health.

Understanding the habitat and health benefits of sardines provides valuable insights. By knowing where they live and what makes them nutritious, one can appreciate their role in both ecosystems and diets. This information sets the stage for exploring culinary uses and preparation methods. Next, we will delve into how to incorporate sardines into meals, discussing various recipes and methods of cooking. Discovering these culinary aspects will highlight the versatility and appeal of sardines in everyday cooking.

Are Sardines Freshwater Fish or Saltwater Fish?

Sardines are saltwater fish. They typically inhabit the cooler waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Sardines are a type of small pelagic fish known for being rich in nutrients and commonly consumed as food.

In the realm of fish, sardines differ significantly from freshwater species. Freshwater fish live in lakes, rivers, and ponds, while saltwater fish thrive in oceans and seas. Sardines belong to the Clupeidae family, which includes other marine species such as herring. Both sardines and herring share similar habitats and nutritional profiles. However, freshwater fish like trout or catfish have different environmental requirements and diet, leading to variations in flavor and texture.

Sardines offer numerous health benefits. They are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for heart health. A 3.75-ounce serving of canned sardines provides nearly 50% of the daily recommended intake of vitamin B12, which supports nerve function and the production of DNA. Sardines are also an excellent source of calcium, providing about 35% of the daily recommended intake when consumed with their bones. According to the USDA, sardines are a sustainable fish choice, with minimal environmental impact when harvested responsibly.

However, there are some drawbacks to consider when consuming sardines. They can contain high levels of sodium, particularly when canned in brine. A typical serving may have around 300-400 mg of sodium, which can be excessive for individuals monitoring their salt intake. Additionally, those with seafood allergies should avoid sardines altogether, as they can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. A study by the FDA (2021) emphasizes the importance of moderate consumption of canned seafood due to potential mercury content.

For those interested in incorporating sardines into their diet, consider the following recommendations. Opt for low-sodium or no-salt-added canned options if you need to manage your salt intake. Fresh sardines, when available, can be grilled or baked for a delicious meal. If you’re exploring vegetarian alternatives, consider plant-based omega-3 sources such as flaxseeds or chia seeds. Always consult with a healthcare provider or nutritionist to tailor dietary choices to your personal health needs.

What Makes Sardines Categorized as Saltwater Fish?

Sardines are categorized as saltwater fish due to their natural habitat in oceanic waters. These small, oily fish thrive in marine environments, distinguishing them from freshwater species.

Natural Habitat: Sardines primarily inhabit saltwater oceans.
Species Classification: Sardines belong to the Clupeidae family, which includes other saltwater fish.
Salinity Tolerance: Sardines require brackish to saltwater for optimal growth and reproduction.
Nutritional Content: Sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are prevalent in marine fish.
Ecological Role: Sardines serve as a food source for larger marine predators, impacting ocean ecosystems.

Understanding the saltwater classification of sardines provides insight into their ecological roles and habitat requirements.

Natural Habitat:
Natural habitat directly refers to the environment where an organism naturally occurs. In the case of sardines, they predominantly inhabit saltwater oceans, often found in areas with abundant plankton, which constitutes their primary food source. These fish typically prefer continental shelves where their eggs can develop, as these regions have an abundance of nutrients. Studies show that sardine populations thrive in areas such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
Species Classification:
Species classification places sardines within the Clupeidae family, which consists of various species of forage fish mainly found in marine environments. This classification indicates that sardines are closely related to other saltwater fish species like herring and menhaden. The biological affinity among these species highlights the common characteristics and adaptations that allow them to thrive in saltwater ecosystems.
Salinity Tolerance:
Salinity tolerance defines the ability of organisms to adapt to varying levels of salt in their environment. Sardines typically prefer environments with salinity levels above 35 parts per thousand, which is equivalent to standard seawater. They may also be found in estuarine environments where salt levels fluctuate; however, they do not survive well in freshwater. Research by the FAO indicates that sardine reproduction is inhibited in freshwater habitats, emphasizing their exclusive adaptation to saltwater.
Nutritional Content:
Nutritional content refers to the health-benefiting components found in food items. Sardines are noted for their high omega-3 fatty acid content, essential for heart health and inflammation reduction. Marine fish, including sardines, accumulate these beneficial fats from their diet of marine algae and zooplankton. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition indicated that consuming sardines regularly can improve cardiovascular health due to their favorable lipid profile.
Ecological Role:
Ecological role refers to the position of an organism within its ecosystem. Sardines play a crucial role in marine food webs, serving as a primary food source for larger predators, including tuna, dolphins, and seabirds. Their abundance influences the population dynamics of these predators. The California Current Ecosystem study highlights that fluctuations in sardine populations can significantly disrupt aquatic food chains and impact commercial fishing activities.

These points collectively emphasize the importance of sardines in both ecological and nutritional contexts while underscoring their classification as saltwater fish.

What Types of Sardines Exist in the Wild?

The main types of sardines found in the wild include several species that vary by region.

European Sardine (Sardina pilchardus)
Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax)
Atlantic Sardine (Sardinops melanostictus)
Round Sardine (Sardinella spp.)
Indian Sardine (Sardinella longiceps)

Sardines are small fish that exist in various species, each with specific characteristics and habitats. Understanding these differences helps highlight their diverse roles in marine ecosystems and human consumption.

European Sardine:
The European Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) is a small fish commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea and along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa. It is known for its rich taste and high oil content. This species can grow up to 25 cm in length. The European sardine is a significant part of local fisheries and contributes to the economy. The FAO reported that its populations are currently managed through strict fishing quotas to ensure sustainability.
Pacific Sardine:
The Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax) inhabits the Pacific Ocean and is particularly abundant off the coasts of California, Mexico, and Japan. This fish is known for its rapid growth and high reproductive rates. It typically grows to about 30 cm in length. However, Pacific sardines faced severe population declines due to overfishing, prompting fishing restrictions to promote recovery. A 2018 study conducted by Wang et al. emphasizes the importance of effective fishery management to restore these populations.
Atlantic Sardine:
The Atlantic Sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) can be found primarily in the Atlantic Ocean. It is recognized for its distinct darker stripes along its body. Atlantic sardines are essential in the diet of various marine predators and play a crucial role in the marine food web. Recent research suggests that environmental changes, such as ocean warming, may influence their distribution and spawning seasons, impacting local fisheries dependent on this species.
Round Sardine:
The Round Sardine (Sardinella spp.) is a term that refers to several species, including those found in tropical and subtropical regions. These sardines are known for their rounded bodies and are often preyed upon by larger fish and marine mammals. While they are less popular compared to European and Pacific sardines, they remain important in local food webs and artisanal fisheries. Round sardines have a wide distribution, making them crucial for many coastal communities worldwide.
Indian Sardine:
The Indian Sardine (Sardinella longiceps) predominantly inhabits the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. This species can reach lengths of up to 25 cm and is an important fish in many Southeast Asian diets. Its availability makes it a staple in local markets. Studies conducted by the Marine Products Export Development Authority indicate that the Indian sardine contributes significantly to regional fisheries and supports livelihood for thousands of fishers and their families.

In conclusion, understanding the various types of sardines enhances awareness of their ecological significance and economic value. From the sustainable management of these species to their contributions to global fisheries, sardines play a vital role in marine ecosystems and human diets worldwide.

Which Sardine Species Are Most Commonly Consumed Globally?

The most commonly consumed sardine species globally include the European sardine, Pacific sardine, and Sardinops sagax.

European Sardine (Sardina pilchardus)
Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax)
Indian Sardine (Sardinella longiceps)
Chili Sardine (Sardinops sagax)
Brazilian Sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis)

These species are favored for their taste, nutritional value, and accessibility. However, opinions on sardine fishing practices vary widely. Some advocates argue for sustainable practices to protect fish populations, while others cite the increasing demand and its impact on overfishing.

The most commonly consumed sardine species further showcase diverse fishing practices and cultural preferences worldwide.

European Sardine:
The European sardine, scientifically known as Sardina pilchardus, is a small pelagic fish found primarily in the Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic Ocean. This species is popular in Mediterranean diets and is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and essential vitamins. Sardina pilchardus can grow up to 25 cm in length. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2020), Europe’s annual consumption of sardines has remained high due to its culinary versatility.
Pacific Sardine:
The Pacific sardine, or Sardinops sagax, is found off the coasts of North America and Japan. Pacific sardines are significant for both the commercial fishing industry and traditional diets. Their rich flavor profile makes them popular in various dishes. The NOAA Fisheries reported that the population of Pacific sardines has fluctuated, leading to discussions on sustainable fishing quotas.
Indian Sardine:
The Indian sardine, known scientifically as Sardinella longiceps, is predominantly found along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka. This species is celebrated for its flavor and is an integral part of Asian cuisines. According to a study by Raghavan et al. (2017), Indian sardines are significant for their nutritional value and low-cost source of protein for coastal communities.
Chili Sardine:
Chili sardine, also classified under Sardinops sagax, is popular in many cultures, especially in South America. Its consumption is frequently associated with spicy chutneys and sauces, making it a staple in local diets. The versatility of chili sardine in cooking highlights how various culinary approaches can utilize this fish.
Brazilian Sardine:
The Brazilian sardine, scientifically called Sardinella brasiliensis, is found predominantly in South American waters. This species is a staple in Brazilian cuisine, often found in traditional dishes. The FAO emphasizes the importance of managing sardine fishing sustainably to meet the needs of both consumers and ecosystems.

Sardines, regardless of the species, offer substantial health benefits while also raising important discussions about sustainable fishing practices and ecological impacts.

What Is the Natural Habitat of Sardines?

Sardines are small, oily fish found primarily in the ocean, particularly in temperate and subtropical waters. They thrive in nutrient-rich coastal areas, often forming large schools. Sardines belong to the family Clupeidae, which includes various species such as the European sardine and the Pacific sardine.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), sardines are typically found in surface waters of the continental shelf and are crucial for marine ecosystems and fisheries. They often inhabit areas with high plankton concentrations, providing adequate feeding grounds.

Sardines prefer warm, shallow waters and are commonly found in areas with strong currents. They spawn in various locations, depending on the species, ensuring a wide distribution across oceans. Sardines also migrate seasonally to follow temperature changes and food sources.

Marine Research Institute states that sardine habitats are influenced by environmental factors including water temperature, salinity, and spawning conditions. These factors contribute to their abundance and distribution, making them vital to marine food webs.

In 2020, global sardine catch was reported at approximately 2.4 million tons, with the majority harvested in Asia and Europe, according to FAO statistics. Projections indicate increasing demand for sardines, influencing fishing regulations to maintain populations.

Overfishing, climate change, and habitat degradation impact sardine populations and affect marine biodiversity. They serve as critical forage fish for larger species, meaning their decline can disrupt entire ocean ecosystems.

The World Wildlife Fund advocates for sustainable fishing practices, including quotas and marine protected areas, to safeguard sardine populations. Maintaining healthy ecosystems ensures the balance of marine life.

Technologies such as electronic monitoring, sustainable aquaculture, and community-based fishery management practices can help mitigate overfishing and encourage responsible harvesting of sardines.

Where Do Sardines Typically Thrive in the Ocean Environment?

Sardines typically thrive in the ocean environment in coastal and offshore waters. They prefer the upper layers of the ocean, where the water remains relatively warm. Sardines are often found in nutrient-rich areas, such as upwelling zones. These zones occur when deep, cold water rises to the surface, bringing nutrients that support the growth of plankton. Sardines feed on these small organisms, which makes these areas ideal for their survival. They often swim in large schools, which provides safety from predators. In summary, sardines flourish in warm, nutrient-dense coastal waters, especially in upwelling regions of the ocean.

How Do Environmental Factors Affect Sardine Populations?

Environmental factors significantly influence sardine populations through their effects on habitat quality, food availability, and reproductive conditions. These factors include water temperature, salinity, food sources, and ocean currents.

Water temperature: Sardines typically thrive in temperate waters. Research conducted by Cheung et al. (2010) indicates that optimal water temperatures for sardine growth are between 12°C and 21°C. Higher temperatures can lead to stress, reduced growth rates, and increased mortality.
Salinity: Sardines prefer specific salinity levels, usually between 30 and 35 parts per thousand. Changes in salinity can impact their physiological processes. According to a study by Robinson and Ainsworth (2014), fluctuations in salinity due to freshwater runoff or oceanographic changes can result in decreased sardine survival rates.
Food sources: Sardines primarily feed on plankton, including phytoplankton and zooplankton. A study by Houghton et al. (2012) found that overfishing and climate change can reduce the availability of these food sources, negatively affecting sardine populations. A decline in plankton productivity leads to malnutrition and lower reproductive success in sardines.
Ocean currents: Ocean currents play a crucial role in sardine migration and reproduction. Currents affect the distribution of nutrients and plankton, which sardines rely on. Research by Cury et al. (2011) highlights that altered current patterns due to climate change can disrupt sardine spawning grounds, resulting in decreased population stability.

Changes in these environmental factors can lead to significant fluctuations in sardine populations. These shifts can create challenges for fisheries management and the overall health of marine ecosystems. Conservation efforts must consider these factors to ensure sustainable sardine populations for future generations.

What Nutritional Benefits Do Sardines Offer?

Sardines offer numerous nutritional benefits, including being rich in omega-3 fatty acids, protein, vitamins, and minerals. They are a sustainable seafood choice that can greatly contribute to a balanced diet.

High in Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Excellent Source of Protein
Rich in Vitamins
– Vitamin B12
– Vitamin D
Abundant in Minerals
– Calcium
– Iron
– Selenium
Low in Mercury
Sustainable Fish Choice

These benefits highlight the health advantages of including sardines in your diet, but potential drawbacks regarding overfishing and taste preferences must be considered.

High in Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
High in omega-3 fatty acids, sardines contribute to heart health and brain function. Omega-3s are essential fats that the body cannot produce and must be obtained through diet. According to the American Heart Association, omega-3s can lower the risk of heart disease and reduce inflammation.
Excellent Source of Protein:
Sardines provide an excellent source of protein, which is vital for muscle-building and repair. A 3.75-ounce serving of sardines offers about 23 grams of protein. This protein content aids in maintaining a balanced diet by supporting overall body functions.
Rich in Vitamins:
Sardines are rich in essential vitamins.
– Vitamin B12 is crucial for nerve function and the production of DNA. A serving of sardines can provide over 300% of the daily recommended intake.
– Vitamin D supports bone health and immune function. Sardines are one of the few food sources naturally high in vitamin D.
Abundant in Minerals:
Sardines are abundant in several key minerals.
– Calcium is essential for bone health. Sardines contain about 35% of the daily intake per serving when consumed with bones.
– Iron is vital for transporting oxygen in the blood. Sardines provide a significant source, beneficial for preventing anemia.
– Selenium is an antioxidant that supports metabolism and immune function.
Low in Mercury:
Sardines are low in mercury, making them a safer seafood option compared to larger fish. Because sardines are small and lower on the food chain, they accumulate fewer toxins. Regular consumption of sardines helps minimize exposure to harmful levels of mercury.
Sustainable Fish Choice:
Sardines are a sustainable fish choice, often sourced from eco-friendly fisheries. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch program recommends sardines because they have lower environmental impact levels. Eating sustainable seafood supports healthy oceans and fisheries.

In summation, sardines provide a wealth of nutritional benefits, promoting overall health and wellness through their rich content in omega-3 fatty acids, protein, vitamins, and minerals, while also presenting an environmentally friendly option for consumers.

How Can Sardines Contribute to a Healthy Heart?

Sardines contribute to a healthy heart by providing essential omega-3 fatty acids, high-quality protein, and important vitamins and minerals while promoting lower cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation.

Omega-3 fatty acids: Sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fats are known to lower triglyceride levels and improve overall heart health. A study by Mozaffarian and Wu (2011) indicated that higher omega-3 intake correlates with lower rates of heart disease.

High-quality protein: Sardines offer a good source of protein. Protein is vital for repairing tissues and supports muscle health. It helps maintain a healthy weight, which is essential for heart health. Sardines contain all essential amino acids, making them a complete protein source.

Vitamins and minerals: Sardines provide important nutrients such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, selenium, and calcium. Vitamin D supports cardiovascular function, while B12 is essential for red blood cell formation. Selenium acts as an antioxidant, protecting the heart from oxidative damage. A diet rich in these nutrients can support overall heart health.

Cholesterol management: Sardines are low in saturated fat and high in beneficial fats, which can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels. The American Heart Association recommends including fish, like sardines, in a balanced diet to help control cholesterol.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Omega-3 fatty acids in sardines also have anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic inflammation is linked to various heart conditions, including heart disease. Regular consumption of omega-3-rich foods like sardines can contribute to reduced inflammation.

In conclusion, incorporating sardines into your diet can significantly support heart health through their rich content of omega-3 fatty acids, high-quality protein, vital vitamins and minerals, and their benefits in cholesterol management and inflammation reduction.

What Essential Nutrients Are Found in Sardines?

Sardines provide a rich source of essential nutrients. They are particularly high in omega-3 fatty acids, protein, vitamins, and minerals.

Omega-3 fatty acids
Protein
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Selenium
Calcium
Iron
Phosphorus

Understanding the essential nutrients in sardines is vital for appreciating their health benefits, especially for those seeking a nutritious diet.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
Omega-3 fatty acids are healthy fats found in high concentrations in sardines. These fats are known to support heart health by reducing inflammation and improving cholesterol levels. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition (López et al., 2021) highlights that regular consumption of omega-3-rich foods can decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Sardines provide about 1.5 grams of omega-3 per 100 grams, making them an excellent choice for those looking to increase their intake.
Protein:
Sardines are also a great source of protein, offering around 25 grams per 100 grams. Protein is essential for maintaining muscle mass and supporting overall body functions. The Institute of Medicine recommends daily protein intake based on individual needs, but including foods like sardines can help meet these requirements easily. Protein-rich diets have been linked to improved weight loss and maintenance, as noted in a 2019 review by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Vitamin B12:
Vitamin B12 is crucial for nerve function and the formation of red blood cells. Sardines are one of the richest sources of this vitamin, with a 100-gram serving providing more than 400% of the daily requirement. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to anemia and neurological issues. The National Institutes of Health notes that older adults and vegetarians are particularly at risk for deficiency. Sardines can offer an effective solution for these groups.
Vitamin D:
Vitamin D plays an important role in bone health and immune function. Sardines contain significant amounts of vitamin D, with a serving providing nearly 70% of the daily recommendation. This nutrient helps the body absorb calcium, which is vital for maintaining strong bones. The American Osteopathic Association emphasizes the importance of vitamin D in preventing osteoporosis, especially in aging populations. Consuming sardines can therefore benefit those concerned about bone health.
Selenium:
Selenium is an essential mineral that acts as an antioxidant in the body. Sardines are a good source of selenium, supplying about 60% of the daily requirement in a 100-gram serving. Antioxidants are key in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Research illustrated in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (Zhang et al., 2020) indicates that adequate selenium intake is linked to reduced cancer risk and improved thyroid function.
Calcium:
Calcium is vital for strong bones and teeth, as well as muscle function. Sardines, especially those consumed with bones, provide significant amounts of calcium—approximately 30% of the daily need in a 100-gram serving. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend including calcium-rich foods to promote bone health. For individuals who may not consume dairy, sardines are an excellent alternative source.
Iron:
Iron is essential for producing hemoglobin and preventing anemia. Sardines provide a good source of heme iron, which is more easily absorbed by the body than non-heme iron found in plant foods. About 2.5 mg of iron is found in a 100-gram portion of sardines, contributing to the daily requirement. The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of iron in preventing iron deficiency anemia, especially in pregnant women and young children.
Phosphorus:
Phosphorus is important for energy production and bone health. Sardines contain high levels, providing approximately 50% of the daily requirement in a 100-gram serving. Adequate phosphorus intake is associated with improved bone density and energy metabolism, as highlighted in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (Khan et al., 2019). Sardines can therefore support both energy levels and skeletal health.

In summary, sardines are packed with essential nutrients that can contribute significantly to a healthy diet, making them a highly beneficial food choice.

How Do Sardines Impact Sustainable Fishing Practices?

Sardines support sustainable fishing practices by providing a low-impact source of protein, helping to maintain ecosystem balance, and facilitating responsible fishing methods.

Low-impact source of protein: Sardines are small, schooling fish that reproduce quickly. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2020), their rapid reproduction rate means that they can be harvested sustainably without depleting populations. They can yield high protein levels while requiring fewer resources compared to larger fish, making them an efficient choice for sustainable diets.

Ecosystem balance: Sardines play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. They are a key food source for larger animals, including fish, birds, and mammals. A study by Pauly et al. (2016) in “Fish and Fisheries” highlights that maintaining sardine populations is essential for ensuring the health of predator species and promoting biodiversity in marine environments.

Responsible fishing methods: Sardines are often caught using methods like purse seining, which is less harmful to the environment than other techniques. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF, 2021) states that sustainable fisheries practice minimizes bycatch—unintentional capture of non-target species—thereby enhancing fishing sustainability. This approach helps protect other marine life while ensuring a reliable sardine supply.

Economic viability: Sardine fisheries contribute significantly to local economies. A report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 2019) indicates that sustainable sardine fishing promotes community livelihoods without over-exploiting fish stocks. This economic aspect encourages communities to adopt sustainable practices to secure their futures.

In conclusion, sardines positively influence sustainable fishing practices by being an efficient protein source, supporting ecosystem health, promoting responsible fishing, and bolstering local economies.

What Role Do Sardines Play in Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries?

Sardines play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and fisheries as they serve as a food source for various marine animals and contribute to economic activities through fishing.

Ecological Importance
Nutrient Cycling
Role in Food Webs
Economic Value
Overfishing Concerns
Cultural Significance

Sardines’ various attributes contribute to multiple perspectives about their role in marine ecosystems and fisheries.

Ecological Importance: Sardines contribute to marine ecosystems by providing food for larger fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. They help maintain the balance of the aquatic food web.
Nutrient Cycling: Sardines play a role in nutrient cycling within the ocean. Their feeding habits help regulate plankton populations, contributing to the overall health of marine environments.
Role in Food Webs: Sardines are a significant part of the marine food web. They are both predators and prey, influencing the population dynamics of other marine species.
Economic Value: Sardines hold economic importance in fisheries. They are a significant source of income and employment for many coastal communities. In 2020, global sardine landings were valued at approximately $1.5 billion.
Overfishing Concerns: Overfishing poses a major threat to sardine populations. Unsustainable fishing practices can lead to population declines, impacting marine ecosystems and local economies reliant on sardine fisheries.
Cultural Significance: Sardines have cultural significance in various coastal communities. They are often featured in traditional diets and local cuisines, reflecting the connection between communities and their marine resources.

Understanding these dimensions highlights the importance of sardines in marine ecosystems and fisheries and emphasizes the need for sustainable practices to protect their populations.

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