Freshwater Fish: Top Species In America's Aquatic Ecosystems And Aquariums [Updated On- 2025]

Freshwater fish thrive in rivers, lakes, and ponds. Popular types include largemouth bass, catfish, trout, and northern pike. They adapt well to their habitats and prefer various water conditions. Freshwater aquariums often feature colorful species like guppies and tetras, offering vibrant ecosystems for fish enthusiasts.

Important for biodiversity, these freshwater fish contribute to ecological balance. They foster healthy habitats by controlling insect populations and providing food for larger predators, such as birds and mammals. Many of these species are also admired in aquariums, creating vibrant displays of color and activity.

As we explore the impacts of human activity on freshwater fish populations, it becomes vital to examine conservation efforts. Protecting these species ensures the health of ecosystems and offers sustainable fishing opportunities. Understanding these dynamics helps us appreciate not only the beauty of freshwater fish but also their importance to both the environment and human enjoyment.

What Are Freshwater Fish and What Distinguishes Them from Marine Fish?

Freshwater fish are species that thrive in freshwater environments such as rivers, lakes, and ponds. They are distinct from marine fish, which inhabit saltwater environments like oceans. The primary distinction between freshwater and marine fish lies in their habitat, salinity levels, and physiological adaptations.

Habitat:
– Freshwater fish live in low-salinity water bodies.
– Marine fish inhabit high-salinity ocean waters.
Salinity:
– Freshwater fish are adapted to low salt concentrations.
– Marine fish have developed mechanisms to regulate higher salt levels.
Physiological Adaptations:
– Freshwater fish possess specialized organs like gills that can absorb water and excrete diluted urine.
– Marine fish have adaptations that allow them to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine.
Examples of Species:
– Freshwater fish include trout, catfish, and bass.
– Marine fish include tuna, salmon, and clownfish.
Ecological Importance:
– Freshwater fish contribute to nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.
– Marine fish are vital for maintaining oceanic food webs.
Conservation Concerns:
– Overfishing threatens marine fish populations.
– Habitat loss poses risks to freshwater species.

Understanding the distinctions between these two categories of fish helps in the study of aquatic ecosystems and their conservation efforts.

Habitat:
The habitat of freshwater fish encompasses bodies of water with low salinity, such as rivers, lakes, and streams. These habitats support various forms of life, providing essential resources like food and breeding grounds. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) highlights the importance of these ecosystems, noting that nearly 41% of freshwater fish species face extinction due to habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation.
Salinity:
Salinity refers to the salt concentration in water. Freshwater fish are adapted to live in environments with less than 1% salinity. Their bodies manage the osmotic pressure of their environment effectively, allowing them to balance their internal salt levels. In contrast, marine fish experience environments with salinity ranging from 3% to 35%. A study by Bennett (2021) reveals that these adaptations enable both groups to thrive in their respective habitats.
Physiological Adaptations:
Freshwater fish, such as guppies and goldfish, have specific physiological traits. Their gills efficiently absorb oxygen and excrete excess water. They produce large volumes of dilute urine to eliminate excess water. On the other hand, marine fish, like snappers and groupers, conserve water. They drink seawater to rehydrate and excrete concentrated urine, managing the higher salt levels of their environment effectively.
Examples of Species:
Freshwater fish species include popular game fish like largemouth bass and pike, which thrive in North America’s lakes and rivers. Marine fish comprise commercially important species such as cod and haddock. Recognizing these examples is vital for understanding the economic role both freshwater and marine species play in fisheries worldwide.
Ecological Importance:
The ecological significance of freshwater fish extends to their role in nutrient cycling. They help decompose organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the water to support plant growth. Marine fish, particularly those at higher trophic levels, regulate prey populations, influencing the balance of marine ecosystems. A study published by Pauly and Zeller (2016) emphasizes the interdependence of various fish species within their respective ecosystems.
Conservation Concerns:
Conservation of both freshwater and marine fish is critical. Freshwater fish populations are often threatened by habitat degradation and pollution. Marine fish face challenges from overfishing and climate change. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), sustainable management practices are essential to conserving these vital fish populations for future generations.

What Types of Freshwater Fish Are Found in America?

The types of freshwater fish found in America are diverse and include various species that inhabit lakes, rivers, and ponds.

Bass
Trout
Catfish
Pike
Perch
Sunfish
Carp
Walleye

There are multiple opinions regarding the value and popularity of these fish types among anglers and environmentalists, which might influence fish conservation efforts and recreational fishing laws.

1. Bass:
Bass is a popular type of freshwater fish in America. Species such as largemouth and smallmouth bass inhabit large lakes and rivers. These fish are highly sought by anglers due to their challenging catch and fighting spirit. According to a 2020 report by the American Sportfishing Association, bass fishing contributes significantly to the U.S. economy, with anglers spending billions annually on gear and travel.

2. Trout:
Trout are another significant freshwater species found in American waters. There are several types, including rainbow trout and brook trout. These fish typically inhabit cold, clear streams and lakes. Trout fishing is a common recreational activity, with many states hosting annual fishing contests. A study published in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management in 2018 highlighted the importance of maintaining sustainable trout populations for both ecological balance and recreational enjoyment.

3. Catfish:
Catfish are renowned for their adaptability to various environments. Species like channel catfish and flathead catfish thrive in rivers, lakes, and ponds. Their bottom-feeding habits make them unique among freshwater species. Recreational fishing for catfish is widespread, and they are often included in fishing tournaments. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration emphasizes the ecological importance of catfish in controlling certain aquatic plant populations.

4. Pike:
Pike, particularly northern pike, are large predatory fish found in many northern U.S. waters. They prefer weedy areas of lakes and streams for hunting. Their aggressive nature makes them a popular target for sport fishing. Conservation groups, however, emphasize the need for responsible fishing practices to sustain their populations, as highlighted in a report by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

5. Perch:
Perch, including yellow perch, are commonly found in North America. They inhabit both lakes and rivers, often schooling in large numbers. Perch fishing is popular among families and novice anglers due to their abundance and ease of catch. According to the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, maintaining healthy perch populations is crucial for local ecosystems.

6. Sunfish:
Sunfish species, such as bluegill, are abundant in American freshwater. They spawn in shallow waters, making them accessible for fishing. Sunfish are popular among beginner anglers due to their sizes and willingness to bite. Their role in aquatic ecosystems includes serving as prey for larger fish. A study in the Journal of Fish Biology noted their importance in the food web of freshwater habitats.

7. Carp:
Carp, including common carp and koi, are often considered invasive species in some American waters. However, they are also appreciated for their resilience and ability to thrive in poor water conditions. While some anglers target carp for sport due to their size, conservationists argue for controlling their populations to protect native species. According to the United States Geological Survey, managing carp populations is essential to maintain freshwater ecosystem health.

8. Walleye:
Walleye is a prized fish among anglers, known for its distinctive taste and challenging catch. These fish thrive in cooler waters and are often found in lakes and rivers across the Midwest and Northeast. A study by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources notes the importance of sustainable fishing practices for walleye to support healthy populations and recreational fishing opportunities.

Each of these types of freshwater fish plays a critical role in their habitats, and understanding their characteristics and habitats can enhance both conservation efforts and recreational fishing experiences.

Which Popular Freshwater Fish Are Commonly Kept in Aquariums?

The most popular freshwater fish commonly kept in aquariums include the Betta, Goldfish, Guppy, Tetra, and Clown Loach.

Betta Fish
Goldfish
Guppy
Tetra (e.g., Neon Tetra)
Clown Loach
Angelfish
Swordtail
Cichlids (e.g., African and South American cichlids)
Catfish (e.g., Corydoras and Plecostomus)
Rainbowfish

These fish represent a variety of sizes, colors, and temperaments suitable for different aquarium setups. While some fish like Bettas are known for their aggression, others like Guppies are community-friendly. Preferences for fish may vary based on the aquarist’s experience level. Some may favor vibrant colors or unique behaviors.

Betta Fish are known for their striking colors and flowing fins. Betta fish, also called Siamese fighting fish, thrive in smaller tanks as long as they have proper water conditions. They can display aggressive behaviors, especially males. According to a survey by the American Aquarium Association, Betta fish have become popular due to their vibrant appearance and interesting personalities.

Goldfish are often the first fish for new aquarists. Goldfish grow larger than many expect, requiring significant swimming space. They are social and can live for many years; there are reports of goldfish living over two decades with proper care.

Guppy fish are celebrated for their hardiness and colorful patterns. Guppies breed easily in captivity, making them an interesting option for hobbyists. Furthermore, their small size and peaceful temperament allow them to thrive in community tanks. The World Guppy Championship in 2021 highlighted the popularity of selectively bred guppy strains.

Tetra species, such as the Neon Tetra, are small and vibrant, making them favorites for community tanks. They school well and thrive in groups, providing visual interest. Research by the Freshwater Fish Association indicates that tetra species are often among the most purchased freshwater fish.

Clown Loach bring distinctive coloration and personality to aquariums. They are social and prefer to be in groups. Clown Loachs are known for their playful nature, which attracts aquarists looking for lively additions.

Angelfish are elegant with a unique shape. They can exhibit territorial behavior as they mature. Studies show they can be compatible with various tank mates if introduced properly.

Swordtail fish are easy to care for and known for their sword-like tail. They are livebearers and thrive in community tanks. Their vibrant appearance and ease of breeding appeal to many beginners.

Cichlids are a diverse group. African cichlids are known for bright colors, while South American cichlids may exhibit more variety in size and behavior. Cichlid care requires attention to tank hierarchy as they can be territorial.

Catfish, such as Corydoras and Plecostomus, serve as excellent bottom dwellers. They help maintain tank cleanliness by eating algae and leftover food. Studies show their social nature can bring balance to an aquarium setup.

Rainbowfish are lively and often glow with color, particularly in larger schools. They are a popular choice for aquarists interested in adding dynamic visual appeal to their tanks.

Each of these fish offers unique characteristics and care requirements. Selecting the proper freshwater fish contributes to a healthy and visually appealing aquarium.

What Are the Unique Characteristics of Different Freshwater Fish Species?

The unique characteristics of different freshwater fish species vary widely. These characteristics include their habitat preferences, physical attributes, feeding habits, and reproductive strategies.

Habitat preferences
Physical attributes
Feeding habits
Reproductive strategies

Understanding these four aspects provides a comprehensive view of how freshwater fish adapt to their environments. Each of these characteristics contributes to a fish species’ survival and ecological role.

Habitat Preferences:
Habitat preferences describe the specific environments in which different freshwater fish thrive. Many species are adapted to particular conditions, such as temperature, flow rate, and depth. For example, trout prefer cold, clear streams, while catfish favor warm, murky waters. Research by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) indicates that habitat fragmentation significantly impacts fish populations hence altering their distribution.
Physical Attributes:
Physical attributes refer to the anatomical features of freshwater fish, including size, color, and body shape. Species such as the anglerfish have unique adaptations like bioluminescent lures to attract prey. In contrast, the flat, broad bodies of sunfish allow them to easily maneuver in tight spaces. A study by the American Fisheries Society highlights how physical traits influence predation and mating success.
Feeding Habits:
Feeding habits encompass what and how fish consume food. Species can be categorized as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. For instance, pike are carnivorous and use stealth to catch prey, while many minnows feed on algae and plant matter. The journal Fish and Fisheries notes that understanding feeding strategies can inform conservation efforts by highlighting the ecological roles of different species.
Reproductive Strategies:
Reproductive strategies detail how species reproduce and care for their young. Some fish, like salmon, migrate upstream to spawn, whereas others, like livebearers, give birth to fully formed young. According to a study published in Environmental Biology of Fishes, understanding these strategies can help in the management and conservation of freshwater habitats, especially in light of changing environmental conditions.

These characteristics not only highlight the diversity of freshwater fish species but also underscore the importance of preserving their ecosystems for future generations.

What Habitats Do Freshwater Fish Thrive in Across America?

Freshwater fish thrive in several habitats across America. These habitats include rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, and streams.

Rivers
Lakes
Ponds
Wetlands
Streams

These habitats provide different environments that support diverse species of freshwater fish. Understanding these environments is critical to appreciating fish populations and their ecological roles.

Rivers: Rivers serve as dynamic ecosystems for freshwater fish. Rivers provide flowing water habitats rich in oxygen and nutrients. Species such as trout and bass flourish in these environments. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, over 200 species of fish inhabit American rivers. The current flow influences fish behavior, breeding patterns, and feeding habits.
Lakes: Lakes offer stable environments for freshwater fish. They can range in size from small ponds to large bodies of water. Species such as bluegill and catfish are common in lakes. Lakes provide various zones, including littoral (near shore) and pelagic (open water) zones, supporting diverse fish populations. A study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that lakes are home to nearly 500 species of freshwater fish in North America.
Ponds: Ponds provide smaller but equally significant habitats for freshwater fish. Ponds often show higher temperatures due to their smaller volume. Species such as goldfish and koi are typical in managed ponds. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that thousands of small ponds support local biodiversity and fish populations.
Wetlands: Wetlands are crucial for spawning and nursery habitats. They include marshes, swamps, and bogs. Fish such as northern pike utilize these habitats to breed. Wetlands filter water and provide habitat for various organisms, enhancing the ecosystem’s overall health. The Environmental Protection Agency highlights that wetlands support over 1,000 species of fish and other aquatic wildlife.
Streams: Streams offer fast-flowing water habitats that support fish adapted to swift currents. Species like the brook trout thrive in cool, clear streams. The variability in flow and depth creates a complex ecosystem. According to a study by the Wildlife Society, streams are vital for maintaining fish diversity and serve as corridors for species migration.

Understanding freshwater fish habitats is essential for conservation efforts and maintaining biodiversity across America’s aquatic ecosystems.

What Are the Ecological Benefits of Freshwater Fish in Aquatic Ecosystems?

Freshwater fish play a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of aquatic ecosystems. They contribute to biodiversity, nutrient cycling, food webs, and ecosystem stability.

Biodiversity Enhancement
Nutrient Cycling
Food Source for Other Species
Regulation of Aquatic Vegetation
Water Quality Improvement
Ecological Indicators
Economic Importance for Local Communities

The significance of freshwater fish extends across various ecological functions, helping communities and ecosystems thrive together.

Biodiversity Enhancement: Freshwater fish enhance biodiversity by contributing a variety of species to aquatic ecosystems. Greater species variety leads to healthier ecosystems, as it supports diverse interactions and biological processes. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), nearly 40% of all fish species reside in freshwater, needing protection to sustain ecosystem functions.
Nutrient Cycling: Freshwater fish aid in nutrient cycling within aquatic ecosystems. They consume plant matter and organic material, breaking it down. This process releases essential nutrients back into the water, which supports plant growth. A study conducted by Marzolf (1995) indicated that fish populations significantly improve nutrient cycling efficiency in lakes and rivers.
Food Source for Other Species: Freshwater fish serve as a vital food source for a variety of wildlife, including birds, mammals, and even larger fish. They are integral to the food web, underpinning the survival of numerous species. For instance, research by Power (1990) highlights how fish populations impact avian predator numbers, influencing broader ecological dynamics.
Regulation of Aquatic Vegetation: Freshwater fish help regulate aquatic vegetation by grazing on plants. This grazing control prevents overgrowth, which can disrupt aquatic habitats and outcompete native species. A study by Paterson et al. (2009) demonstrated that certain fish species effectively manage aquatic plant populations, maintaining balance within these environments.
Water Quality Improvement: Freshwater fish improve water quality by promoting healthy ecosystems. They contribute to sediment breakdown and help in the filtration process, which results in cleaner water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that healthy fish populations lead to better water clarity and reduced pollutants.
Ecological Indicators: Freshwater fish act as indicators of ecosystem health. The presence or absence of specific fish species can reveal information about environmental conditions, pollution levels, or habitat destruction. Research by Lazorchak et al. (2000) points out that sensitive species often decline in response to deteriorating water quality, providing valuable data for conservation efforts.
Economic Importance for Local Communities: Freshwater fish support local economies through recreational fishing and fisheries. They provide livelihoods for many communities and contribute to economic activities. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service (2020), recreational fishing generates billions in economic benefits every year, underscoring the importance of sustainable fish populations.

Recognizing these ecological benefits highlights the need for conservation efforts to protect freshwater fish and their ecosystems.

How Do Freshwater Fish Contribute to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health?

Freshwater fish play a crucial role in enhancing biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem health by serving as indicators of environmental quality, supporting food webs, and contributing to nutrient cycling. Studies highlight the significance of these functions.

Environmental Indicators: Freshwater fish populations reflect ecosystem health. Their presence or absence can indicate water quality, habitat conditions, and pollution levels. For instance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recognizes fish diversity as integral to assessing freshwater ecosystems.
Food Web Support: Freshwater fish are key players in aquatic food webs. They serve as prey for birds, mammals, and larger fish. For example, studies indicate that species like bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and minnows (Cyprinidae family) are pivotal in sustaining predator populations.
Nutrient Cycling: Freshwater fish contribute to the cycling of nutrients in aquatic systems. Their feeding and excretion help recycle nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, which are essential for plant growth. Research by Baird and Ulanowicz (1993) illustrates how fish populations influence nutrient dynamics.
Habitat Formation: Some fish species can modify their environment. For instance, species like the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) can disturb sediments, affecting plant growth and providing habitats for other organisms.
Biodiversity Reservoirs: Freshwater fish increase genetic diversity within ecosystems. High numbers of species can provide resilience against environmental changes. A study by McIntyre and Hutchings (2003) underscores the importance of diverse fish populations in adapting to disturbances.
Recreational and Economic Value: Healthy fish populations support recreational fishing and tourism, contributing to local economies. According to the American Sportfishing Association (2020), recreational fishing generates billions in economic impact annually, further linking fish health to human well-being.

In summary, freshwater fish significantly enhance biodiversity and ecosystem health through their roles as indicators of water quality, vital components of food webs, contributors to nutrient cycling, habitat modifiers, reservoirs of genetic diversity, and providers of economic benefits.

What Challenges Are Freshwater Fish Facing Today in Their Natural Habitats?

Freshwater fish face numerous challenges in their natural habitats today, primarily due to human activities and environmental changes.

Habitat loss
Pollution
Climate change
Invasive species
Overfishing
Water diversion

These challenges have complex interactions and require comprehensive approaches to address effectively.

Habitat Loss: Habitat loss occurs when natural environments are destroyed or altered, affecting the natural populations of freshwater fish. Urban development, agriculture, and deforestation contribute significantly to this loss. The Union of Concerned Scientists notes that more than 50% of wetland habitats have been lost in the United States since the 1700s. The destruction of wetlands and riverbanks disrupts breeding grounds and feeding areas essential for species like the North American salmon.
Pollution: Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into freshwater ecosystems. Chemicals, agricultural runoff, and waste can severely degrade water quality. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicates that over 40% of rivers in the U.S. are too polluted for fishing or swimming. Polluted water can lead to toxic algal blooms, which adversely affect fish health and reproduction, particularly in species such as bluegill and bass.
Climate Change: Climate change impacts freshwater fish through temperature increases, altered precipitation patterns, and changing water levels. Fish species often have specific temperature ranges for ideal growth and reproduction. A study published in the journal Ecology Letters (2018) found that warmer waters could decrease fish populations such as brook trout, leading to reduced biodiversity in affected areas.
Invasive Species: Invasive species are non-native organisms that disrupt local ecosystems. They can outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native fish species. For example, the introduction of the zebra mussel has created significant challenges for native fish populations in the Great Lakes, leading to declines in species like the native walleye.
Overfishing: Overfishing involves catching fish faster than they can reproduce. Unsustainable fishing practices can deplete populations, threatening species with extinction. According to the World Wildlife Fund, nearly 40% of the global fish stocks are overfished. The decline in populations of freshwater species such as the European eel highlights the urgent need for sustainable fishing practices.
Water Diversion: Water diversion reallocates water flow for agriculture or municipal use, impacting fish habitats. Activities such as dam construction alter river dynamics, affecting fish migration and spawning. The American Rivers organization reports that over 80,000 dams in the United States hinder the natural flow of rivers, significantly impacting species like the American shad.

Addressing these challenges requires joined efforts from policymakers, conservationists, and local communities. The integration of protective legislation, habitat restoration, and sustainable resource management can help safeguard freshwater fish populations and their ecosystems.

How Does Habitat Destruction Impact Freshwater Fish Populations?

Habitat destruction significantly impacts freshwater fish populations. It reduces the available space for breeding, feeding, and shelter. As wetlands, rivers, and lakes are drained or polluted, fish lose their natural habitats. This loss leads to decreased fish diversity. Habitat destruction also disrupts the food chain. Many freshwater fish rely on specific plants and smaller organisms for food. When these resources are depleted, fish populations decline.

Furthermore, habitat destruction often increases competition among species. Limited resources mean that only the most adaptable species survive. This shift can alter the balance of ecosystems, favoring invasive species over native fish. Additionally, decreased water quality from pollution affects fish health. Pollutants can cause diseases, reproductive issues, and even fish deaths.

Overall, the effects of habitat destruction lead to fewer fish populations, reduced biodiversity, and weakened ecosystems. Addressing this issue requires habitat restoration and protection efforts. Improving water quality and conserving natural habitats can help fish populations recover and thrive.

What Role Do Invasive Species Play in Threatening Native Freshwater Fish?

Invasive species pose significant threats to native freshwater fish populations through competition, predation, disease introduction, and habitat alteration.

Competition for Resources
Predation on Native Species
Disease Introduction
Habitat Alteration
Genetic Hybridization
Economic Impact on Fisheries

The impacts of invasive species on native freshwater fish create complex ecosystems that demand thorough understanding and management strategies.

Competition for Resources:
Invasive species often compete with native freshwater fish for food, shelter, and breeding sites. This competitive displacement can lead to the decline or extinction of native species. For instance, the introduction of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in the Great Lakes has significantly reduced the population of native filter-feeding species by consuming food resources they rely on.
Predation on Native Species:
Invasive predators pose direct threats to native fish. When these predators are introduced to a new environment, they can drastically reduce the populations of native fish. For example, the northern pike, Esox lucius, introduced into certain southern US waterways, has severely affected local populations of smaller fish species such as the brook trout. Research by Simon et al. (2003) in the journal “Ecology” highlighted this phenomenon, demonstrating increased mortality rates of native species in the presence of invasive predatory fish.
Disease Introduction:
Invasive species can carry pathogens that adversely affect native fish health. These diseases can spread rapidly among populations that have no prior exposure, leading to significant mortality. For example, the introduction of the Asian carp has been linked to outbreaks of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in Great Lakes fish. A study by the U.S. Geological Survey (2015) reported increased rates of fish kills due to disease spread by invasives.
Habitat Alteration:
Invasive species can change the physical and chemical properties of habitats, making them unsuitable for native fish. For instance, the introduction of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, has led to increased turbidity in many freshwater environments. This degradation can significantly impact aquatic vegetation and the spawning habitats for native species, as noted by the work of McCarthy et al. (2011) in “Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems.”
Genetic Hybridization:
Invasive species can interbreed with native fish, leading to genetic dilution and the loss of unique genetic traits in native populations. An example is the hybridization between the introduced rainbow trout and native cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii, in the western United States. This hybridization undermines conservation efforts aimed at preserving genetically distinct fish populations.
Economic Impact on Fisheries:
Invasive species can harm local economies that rely on fisheries. The decline in native fish populations affects commercial and recreational fishing industries. A loss of biodiversity can lead to decreased fish stocks, impacting livelihoods. According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 2016), invasive species have been estimated to cause economic losses worth billions across the United States through damage to fisheries and ecosystem services.

By understanding these impacts, we can better strategize conservation and management efforts to protect native freshwater fish species from invasive threats.

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