The pea pufferfish (Carinotetraodon travancoricus), known as the dwarf pufferfish, is a small freshwater fish. It is endemic to the regions of Kerala and Karnataka in India. Its bright colors and small size make the pea pufferfish popular in aquaria, appealing to fish enthusiasts everywhere.
Pea Puffers typically grow to about one inch in length. Their size makes them suitable for smaller aquariums, ideally those that are at least 10 gallons. It is crucial to maintain stable water conditions, with a temperature range of 74 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit. Additionally, they prefer moderately hard freshwater with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.
Feeding Pea Puffer Fish presents an opportunity to ensure their health and vitality. These fish are carnivorous and require a diet rich in live or frozen foods. Options such as snails, bloodworms, and daphnia are excellent choices.
To summarize, if you wish to keep Pea Puffer Fish, understanding their specific habitat and dietary needs is essential. Next, we will explore the tank setup and compatibility with other fish species to create an optimal environment for your Pea Puffers.
Are Pea Puffer Fish Freshwater Species?
Yes, Pea Puffer Fish are freshwater species. They thrive in freshwater environments, primarily found in rivers and lakes in Southeast Asia. Their adaptability to freshwater habitats makes them a popular choice for home aquariums.
Pea Puffers, also known as Carinotetraodon travancoricus, exhibit similarities to other freshwater fish in terms of habitat requirements. They prefer densely planted tanks with ample hiding spots. However, they differ from many community fish because they can display territorial behavior. While other species may coexist peacefully, Pea Puffers often prefer solitary or paired living situations. This makes them unique among the various freshwater fish options.
The positive aspects of owning Pea Puffer Fish include their small size and captivating personalities. They typically grow to about one inch in length, making them suitable for smaller tanks. Additionally, their vibrant colors and curious nature can enhance the aesthetic of an aquarium. According to the Aquatic Society (2020), they are generally hardy and can adapt well to different water parameters, provided the tank is properly maintained.
On the downside, Pea Puffers can be aggressive, particularly towards their kind. This territorial behavior can lead to stress or injury if housed with incompatible species. A study by Jones and Smith (2021) notes that they often nip the fins of larger fish, which can be detrimental in a community tank setting. Therefore, it’s crucial to consider their temperament before adding them to an aquarium.
For those considering Pea Puffers, it is recommended to house them in a well-planted tank with minimal tank mates. Choose peaceful fish species that occupy different levels in the tank to minimize aggression. Keep the water clean and stable, with a temperature range of 75-82°F (24-28°C) and a pH of 7.0 to 8.0. Regular water changes and monitoring can ensure a healthy environment for your Pea Puffer Fish.
What Are the Natural Habitats of Pea Puffer Fish in Freshwater?
The natural habitats of pea puffer fish in freshwater include slow-moving rivers, streams, and heavily vegetated areas such as swampy regions.
The main habitats of pea puffer fish are as follows:
1. Rivers and Streams
2. Swamps and Marshes
3. Lakes and Ponds
4. Dense Vegetation Areas
5. Aquatic Plant Zones
Pea puffer fish thrive in various freshwater environments, each offering unique attributes necessary for their survival.
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Rivers and Streams: Rivers and streams represent dynamic environments characterized by flowing water. These habitats provide pea puffers with ample food sources such as small invertebrates. The current helps in maintaining oxygen levels and removing waste.
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Swamps and Marshes: Swamps and marshes are rich in nutrients and biodiversity. They offer pea puffers protective cover and abundant foraging grounds. The still, shallow waters in these habitats support an ideal breeding ground.
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Lakes and Ponds: Lakes and ponds provide more static water bodies where pea puffers can find shelter among underwater structures. These areas often have stable temperatures and provide a consistent food supply.
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Dense Vegetation Areas: Dense plants within aquatic habitats provide both camouflage and hunting grounds. Pea puffers use these plants to hide from predators and ambush prey.
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Aquatic Plant Zones: Aquatic plants create microhabitats with varied levels of light, depth, and food resources. Areas rich in algae and smaller organisms are particularly beneficial for juvenile pea puffers to grow and develop.
Understanding these habitats helps in providing suitable conditions for keeping pea puffer fish healthy and thriving in captivity.
Which Freshwater Environments Do Pea Puffer Fish Prefer?
The pea puffer fish (Carinotetraodon travancoricus) prefer freshwater environments with specific conditions. They are native to regions like the rivers and wetlands of India and Sri Lanka.
- Shallow Rivers
- Swamps and Marshes
- Fried Pond Edges
- Dense Vegetation Areas
- Slow-moving Water
The preferred freshwater environments of pea puffer fish include a variety of habitats that provide suitable conditions for their survival.
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Shallow Rivers: Pea puffer fish thrive in shallow river environments. These locations usually offer slow currents and plenty of cover, which makes it easier for the fish to hide from predators. According to a study by P. K. S. K. Udayakumar et al. (2022), shallow rivers provide an ideal ecosystem for pea puffers, ensuring they have access to food sources and breeding grounds.
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Swamps and Marshes: Pea puffer fish are commonly found in swamps and marshes. These habitats are rich in vegetation and provide abundant food. The dense plant life offers protection, allowing the fish to evade threats. The diverse ecosystem in these wetlands supports various invertebrates, which are essential food items for pea puffers.
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Fried Pond Edges: These fish often inhabit the edges of fried ponds, which refer to freshwater ponds with muddy bottoms and vegetation. These areas offer high levels of nutrients and cover, suitable for feeding and breeding. According to aquatic ecologist B. J. Matthews (2020), pea puffer fish often utilize these shallow areas for hunting small prey.
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Dense Vegetation Areas: Areas with dense aquatic vegetation are also preferred. This environment provides shelters, such as hiding spots among plants. Research by K. D. Sengupta (2019) suggests that pea puffer fish thrive where dense flora exists, as it supports their hunting and breeding behaviors.
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Slow-moving Water: Slow-moving water bodies are favored by pea puffer fish. This type of water flow reduces stress on the fish and provides easier access to food. Studies indicate that pea puffers generally avoid turbulent waters, opting for calm areas where they can comfortably patrol for food and shelter.
Understanding the habitats of pea puffer fish is crucial for their care in aquariums and conservation efforts. These environments provide the necessary conditions for their well-being and reproductive success, highlighting the importance of maintaining diverse freshwater ecosystems.
What Are the Ideal Water Conditions for Pea Puffer Fish?
The ideal water conditions for pea puffer fish include specific parameters related to temperature, pH, hardness, and water quality.
- Temperature: 75-80°F (24-27°C)
- pH Level: 6.5-8.0
- Hardness: 5-15 dGH
- Water Quality: Clean, well-filtered, and low in nitrates
- Tank Size: Minimum 10 gallons
- Territorial Behavior: Can be aggressive or territorial in small spaces
Understanding the ideal water conditions provides a fundamental basis for maintaining the health and well-being of pea puffer fish. Each aspect of their water environment plays a crucial role in their overall care.
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Temperature: Maintaining the temperature between 75-80°F (24-27°C) is vital for pea puffer fish. This range allows them to thrive and stay active. Dr. Scott Michael, a renowned fish biologist, states that temperatures outside this range can lead to stress and health problems in fish.
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pH Level: The pH level should range from 6.5 to 8.0. A stable pH within this range promotes a healthy environment and reduces the risk of disease. Fluctuations can lead to stress, as noted by aquarium expert, Jeremy Gay, in his book on freshwater tanks.
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Hardness: Pea puffers prefer water hardness levels between 5 to 15 dGH (degrees of general hardness). This range supports their physiological needs and enhances their coloration. The hardness affects the availability of essential minerals, which are important for their health.
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Water Quality: Clean, well-filtered water is critical for pea puffers. High nitrate levels can be harmful. Regular water changes and efficient filtration help maintain good water quality. Research indicates that poor water conditions can lead to disease outbreaks among aquarium fish.
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Tank Size: A minimum tank size of 10 gallons is recommended for pea puffer fish. Adequate space reduces stress and aggression among fish. A small tank can lead to overcrowding and fighting, as observed in various case studies conducted by aquarists.
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Territorial Behavior: Pea puffers can exhibit territorial aggression, particularly in confined spaces. It is advisable to keep them in larger tanks or with compatible tank mates to minimize aggression. According to a study by freshwater ecology expert, Dr. Robert Goldstein, providing hiding spots and ample space can significantly reduce territorial disputes.
These ideal water conditions form the foundation for successful pea puffer fish care, ensuring a healthy, thriving aquatic environment.
What Temperature Does a Pea Puffer Fish Thrive In?
Pea puffer fish thrive in temperatures between 74°F and 82°F (23°C and 28°C).
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Ideal Temperature Range:
– Optimal: 74°F to 82°F (23°C to 28°C).
– Tolerance Range: Can survive between 70°F and 85°F (21°C to 29°C). -
Environmental Considerations:
– Water Salinity: Prefer freshwater environments.
– Tank Conditions: Need a well-planted tank for comfort. -
Common Health Issues:
– Temperature Fluctuations: Can stress the fish, leading to illness.
– Overheating: Risks include potential mortality. -
Keeping Multiple Fish:
– Territorial Behavior: Can lead to stress if housed with incompatible species.
– Space Requirements: Need sufficient swimming space in the tank.
Maintaining the right temperature is crucial for the health and well-being of pea puffer fish.
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Ideal Temperature Range:
The ideal temperature range for pea puffer fish is critical for their overall health. Keeping the temperature between 74°F and 82°F ensures optimal metabolic functions and growth. A study published by the Aquatic Animal Health Research Center in 2021 emphasized that consistent temperatures within this range help reduce stress levels in fish. Moreover, while pea puffers can tolerate temperatures as low as 70°F and as high as 85°F, fluctuations outside their preferred range can lead to serious health problems. -
Environmental Considerations:
Environmental factors, such as water salinity and tank conditions, also affect the wellbeing of pea puffer fish. These fish thrive in freshwater environments, which mimic their natural habitats, notably in the rivers of Southeast Asia. A well-planted tank provides not only hiding spaces for the fish but also ensures they feel secure. Research from the Journal of Fish Biology (2020) indicates that plants play a significant role in reducing stress and promoting healthier behaviors in freshwater fish. -
Common Health Issues:
Temperature fluctuations can cause significant health issues in pea puffer fish. Rapid changes in temperature can induce stress, making them more susceptible to diseases such as ichthyophthiriasis, commonly known as ich. According to a 2019 study by Dr. Emily G. Smith, stress from temperature changes resulted in a 40% increase in illness cases among aquatic species in controlled environments. Additionally, overheating poses a risk to their survival, as higher temperatures can lead to decreased oxygen levels in the water. -
Keeping Multiple Fish:
When keeping multiple pea puffer fish, territorial behavior can become a cause for concern. While these fish are communal to an extent, they can exhibit aggression towards each other if space is limited. The Journal of Aquatic Animal Studies (2022) recommends providing at least 10 gallons of tank space per puffer to minimize stress. Keeping compatible species alongside pea puffers can also reduce incidents of aggression, fostering a healthier aquarium environment.
What pH Levels Are Optimal for Pea Puffer Fish?
The optimal pH levels for pea puffer fish typically range from 6.0 to 8.0.
- Ideal pH Range: 6.0 – 8.0
- Impact of pH on Health: Affects stress levels and immune function
- Variability in Species Needs: Different puffers may require different pH levels
- Substrate and Environment Factors: Influence water chemistry and pH stability
- Maintenance Recommendations: Regular testing of water conditions
Understanding pH variability and other factors is crucial for successful fish keeping.
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Ideal pH Range:
The ideal pH range for pea puffer fish (Tetraodon species) is between 6.0 and 8.0. This range supports their health and well-being. Staying within this range helps prevent stress-related illnesses and supports metabolic functions. -
Impact of pH on Health:
The pH level in the tank significantly impacts pea puffer fish health. A sudden change in pH can lead to stress, leading to weakened immune systems. According to a study by Brown et al. (2018), fish exposed to stressful water conditions, including inappropriate pH levels, showed higher susceptibility to diseases. -
Variability in Species Needs:
Different pufferfish species may have different pH requirements. While pea puffers thrive in neutral to slightly acidic water, other species may prefer more extreme conditions. It’s essential to research specific needs based on the species to maintain optimal living conditions. -
Substrate and Environment Factors:
Substrate type and tank environment can affect pH levels. Some substrates, like driftwood or certain gravels, can lower pH over time. An article by Jansen et al. (2021) notes that maintaining consistent environmental conditions helps stabilize pH levels, further emphasizing the need for careful selection of aquarium materials. -
Maintenance Recommendations:
Regular testing and maintenance of water conditions are essential. Hobbyists should use pH test kits to check water quality consistently. The American Aquarium Association recommends checking pH at least once a week to ensure stability and to perform water changes when necessary to keep levels ideal for pea puffers.
Which Water Hardness Is Best for Pea Puffer Fish?
The best water hardness for pea puffer fish is slightly hard to hard water, with a range of 8 to 12 dGH (degree of General Hardness).
- Recommended hardness level: 8 to 12 dGH
- pH level: 6.5 to 7.5
- Temperature: 75°F to 80°F
- Alternative opinions: Some aquarists suggest softer water for breeding purposes.
The following points illustrate different aspects to consider regarding water hardness and pea puffer fish.
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Recommended hardness level:
The recommended hardness level of 8 to 12 dGH ensures that pea puffer fish thrive. This hardness range mimics their natural habitat in freshwater regions of Southeast Asia. -
pH level:
The pH level should be maintained between 6.5 to 7.5. This level promotes a stable environment, reducing stress on the fish and enhancing their well-being. -
Temperature:
The ideal temperature for pea puffer fish is between 75°F to 80°F. Consistent, warm temperatures help the fish remain active and healthy. -
Alternative opinions:
Some aquarists believe that softer water, around 5 to 8 dGH, may be beneficial during breeding. This perspective suggests that lower water hardness can lead to increased reproductive success.
In summary, understanding the importance of maintaining specific water hardness, pH, temperature, and considering alternative opinions can help create an optimal environment for pea puffer fish in an aquarium.
How Can You Set Up a Perfect Freshwater Aquarium for Pea Puffer Fish?
To set up a perfect freshwater aquarium for Pea Puffer Fish, you need to focus on tank size, water parameters, filtration, décor, and diet.
First, select an appropriately sized tank. Pea Puffer Fish are small but territorial. A tank of at least 10 gallons is recommended to provide adequate swimming space.
Next, maintain optimal water parameters. The ideal temperature should range between 74°F to 82°F. The pH level should be between 7.0 and 8.0, and water hardness should ideally be around 5 to 15 dGH. Regular water testing ensures these values remain stable.
In terms of filtration, a reliable filter is necessary to keep the water clean and oxygenated. A sponge filter is often preferred. It provides biological filtration while being gentle enough for sensitive fish like the Pea Puffer.
Provide suitable décor for your tank. Live plants enhance the environment and offer hiding spots. Use materials like driftwood, rocks, and plants to create territory for each fish. These elements can reduce stress and aggression among Pea Puffers.
Finally, focus on their diet. Pea Puffers are carnivorous and require a varied diet. Offer high-quality frozen or live foods such as bloodworms, brine shrimp, and small snails. A well-balanced diet supports their health and well-being.
By addressing these key points, you can create an optimal habitat that encourages the health and happiness of your Pea Puffer Fish.
What Are the Feeding Needs of Pea Puffer Fish in Freshwater?
The feeding needs of Pea Puffer Fish in freshwater mainly include a varied diet rich in protein. These fish require food that mimics their natural prey, which enhances their health and well-being.
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Types of Food for Pea Puffer Fish:
– Live food (e.g., snails, worms)
– Frozen food (e.g., brine shrimp, daphnia)
– High-quality pellets
– Vegetables (e.g., peas, blanched spinach) -
Frequency of Feeding:
– Juvenile: 2 to 3 times daily
– Adults: 1 to 2 times daily -
Nutritional Requirements:
– Protein: Essential for growth and maintenance
– Fiber: Important for digestion
– Minerals: Necessary for overall health
Pea Puffer Fish have specific feeding habits that fulfill their dietary needs.
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Types of Food for Pea Puffer Fish:
Feeding Pea Puffer Fish consists of various types of food including live food, frozen food, high-quality pellets, and vegetables. Live food, such as snails and worms, provides the stimulation they need for their hunting instincts. Frozen food options like brine shrimp and daphnia are convenient and nutritious. High-quality pellets designed for carnivorous fish can also be beneficial, ensuring balanced nutrition. Finally, incorporating vegetables like peas and blanched spinach can help with digestion, offering fiber in their diet. -
Frequency of Feeding:
The frequency of feeding Pea Puffer Fish should be adjusted according to their life stage. Juvenile Pea Puffers should be fed 2 to 3 times daily to support growth and development. For adult Pea Puffers, reducing this to 1 to 2 times daily suffices, depending on their individual appetites and specific energy needs. Overfeeding can lead to health issues, so monitoring their eating habits is critical. -
Nutritional Requirements:
The nutritional requirements of Pea Puffer Fish are vital for their health. Protein is essential, constituting a significant portion of their diet. It supports growth, tissue repair, and immune function. Fiber plays a role in digestion, helping to expel waste effectively. Minerals, including calcium and magnesium, are also necessary for bone health and overall metabolic functions. Neglecting these nutritional aspects can lead to dietary deficiencies and health problems.
What Health Issues Can Affect Pea Puffer Fish, and How Can They Be Prevented?
Pea puffer fish can face various health issues, including disease and environmental stressors. Proper prevention strategies can help maintain their health and well-being.
- Common Health Issues:
– Ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)
– Velvet disease (Oodinium spp.)
– Fin rot (bacterial infection)
– Dropsy (swelling due to fluid retention)
– Stress from poor water conditions
Maintaining the health of pea puffer fish involves understanding these issues deeply to implement effective prevention measures.
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Ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis):
Ich is a common parasitic infection that manifests as white spots on the fish’s body and fins. It occurs due to stress or poor water quality. To prevent ich, keep water conditions stable and maintain optimal temperature and pH levels. A study by van Oosterhout et al. (2003) highlights the importance of stress reduction in preventing such infections. -
Velvet Disease (Oodinium spp.):
Velvet disease, caused by the Oodinium parasite, presents as a gold or dusty appearance on the fish’s skin. It thrives in low-oxygen environments. Regularly aerating the water and maintaining good water quality can reduce the risk of velvet disease. Research by Laird and Larkin (2006) supports the need for good aeration in preventing these health issues. -
Fin Rot (Bacterial Infection):
Fin rot is characterized by frayed fins and can lead to severe tissue damage. It typically arises from bacterial infections following stress or injury. Prevent fin rot by ensuring clean water and avoiding overcrowding. A study by Timmons et al. (2008) indicates that clean environments contribute greatly to preventing bacterial outbreaks. -
Dropsy (Swelling Due to Fluid Retention):
Dropsy is a serious health condition shown by bloated bodies and protruding scales. It usually signals internal organ issues or severe stress. To prevent dropsy, maintain a stress-free environment and ensure a balanced diet. Research by Varga et al. (2019) emphasizes stress management as a vital component of fish health. -
Stress from Poor Water Conditions:
Stress can result from fluctuations in water parameters, overcrowding, or aggression from tank mates. Regular water testing, appropriate tank size, and compatible tank mates are crucial for preventing stress. According to a study by Rosenberg (2017), stable water conditions significantly enhance the well-being of aquarium fish.
Which Tank Mates Are Suitable for Pea Puffer Fish in a Freshwater Setup?
Pea puffer fish, also known as dwarf puffer fish, require careful selection of tank mates due to their territorial nature. Suitable tank mates include small, peaceful fish that can coexist without stress or conflict.
- Small Tetras (e.g., Neon Tetra, Ember Tetra)
- Corydoras Catfish
- Shrimp (e.g., Cherry Shrimp, Amano Shrimp)
- Snails (e.g., Nerite Snails)
- Rasboras (e.g., Harlequin Rasbora)
- Endler’s Livebearers
- African Dwarf Frogs
Choosing tank mates for pea puffer fish may provoke differing opinions among aquarists based on experiences and individual preferences. Some recommend avoiding all fish and sticking to invertebrates, while others believe that specific small fish can thrive alongside them. Each perspective has valid reasoning depending on the specific environment and fish temperament.
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Small Tetras:
Small tetras, like Neon Tetras and Ember Tetras, are highly recommended as tank mates for pea puffer fish. Small tetras tend to swim in schools, which can minimize individual stress. Their peaceful nature and small size make them less likely to incite aggression from the puffer fish. A 2018 study by Aquatic Biologist Liam McCarthy highlights that tetras thrive in community tanks with minimal aggression from other species. -
Corydoras Catfish:
Corydoras catfish are bottom dwellers that can coexist with pea puffers. They are peaceful fish that contribute to tank cleanliness by eating leftover food. Corydoras do not compete for the same water column space as pea puffers, which helps reduce territorial disputes. Observational studies indicate that these catfish can thrive in similar water conditions preferred by pea puffers. -
Shrimp:
Shrimp, such as cherry shrimp and Amano shrimp, can be suitable tank mates as well. They provide the added benefit of occupying different ecological niches. However, caution is advised as smaller shrimp may become snacks for the puffers. Research by Marjorie Whiteside in 2020 emphasizes that larger shrimp can coexist without threat. -
Snails:
Snails, such as nerite snails, often make compatible companions for pea puffers. They occupy different layers of the tank and help in algae management. Most fish, including puffers, do not pursue snails as prey, which assists in maintaining a stable and harmonious environment. -
Rasboras:
Rasboras, particularly the Harlequin variety, are small and peaceful fish suitable for community tanks. They are active swimmers that add color and movement to the aquarium. According to Mark Anderson’s research in 2019, hardy fish like Rasboras can withstand the same conditions as pea puffers without aggressive interactions. -
Endler’s Livebearers:
Endler’s livebearers are another compatible species due to their small size and peaceful disposition. They are hardy and can thrive in similar water parameters as pea puffers. A study conducted by Rebecca Fallon in 2021 found that Endler’s livebearers effectively share space with different fish personalities without significant stress. -
African Dwarf Frogs:
African dwarf frogs can float gracefully in the tank and do not present a threat to pea puffers. These frogs add a dynamic visual and can enhance the tank’s environmental variety. However, careful monitoring is essential, as puffers may exhibit curiosity towards the frogs.
In conclusion, suitable tank mates for pea puffer fish include small, peaceful species that can coexist without causing stress. Aquarists should carefully consider each species’ behavior and environmental needs before introducing them into the same tank.
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