Why Do Saltwater Fish Need Salt? Understanding Their Unique Survival Adaptations

Saltwater fish need salt to balance the body salt concentration with their marine environment. This balance helps them manage water potential and prevents excessive water from entering their cells. Without enough salt, low salt concentrations can cause cytosis, where cells burst, leading to serious issues in cell function and survival.

Additionally, saltwater fish drink seawater to replace lost fluids. They utilize their kidneys to filter out harmful substances while retaining essential water. This mechanism ensures that their bodily functions remain stable, even in high salinity.

Understanding why saltwater fish need salt underscores their remarkable survival strategies. These adaptations showcase the evolutionary process that enables species to thrive in challenging environments. In the next section, we will explore specific examples of saltwater fish and their unique adaptations. We will examine how different species have evolved distinct physiological traits to cope with salinity challenges. By focusing on these examples, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the resilience of marine life and the complexities of their habitats.

What Roles Does Salt Play in the Biology of Saltwater Fish?

Salt plays several critical roles in the biology of saltwater fish. These roles include osmoregulation, cellular function, nutrient absorption, and ion transport.

1. Osmoregulation
2. Cellular function
3. Nutrient absorption
4. Ion transport

Understanding the roles of salt can provide deeper insights into the physiological adaptations that allow saltwater fish to thrive in their environments.

1. Osmoregulation:
Osmoregulation is the process through which saltwater fish maintain a balance of salt and water in their bodies. Saltwater fish live in a hypertonic environment, meaning the salt concentration in seawater is higher than in their bodily fluids. To counteract dehydration, these fish have specialized cells called chloride cells in their gills that actively excrete excess salt. Research from the University of Hawaii indicates that this mechanism is essential for their survival, with differences in osmoregulation observed among various species, adapting them to specific habitats.

2. Cellular function:
Salt is crucial for proper cellular function in saltwater fish. Sodium and potassium ions are vital for generating electrical signals in nerve and muscle cells. These ions facilitate processes such as muscle contractions and neural transmissions. A study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology highlights that disturbances in ionic balance can impair behaviors such as schooling and predator avoidance, which are essential for survival.

3. Nutrient absorption:
Saltwater fish require salt for nutrient absorption, particularly in the intestine. Salts help in the transport of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids across cell membranes. The presence of sodium ions aids in active transport processes, enhancing the efficiency of nutrient uptake. According to research from the Marine Biological Laboratory, the interplay between salt and nutrients is critical, especially in environments with limited food availability.

4. Ion transport:
Salt plays a pivotal role in ion transport mechanisms that are foundational for numerous physiological processes. Fish utilize ion channels to regulate the movement of sodium, calcium, and other ions across cell membranes. These processes are vital for muscle function, nerve impulses, and cellular homeostasis. Studies have shown that disruptions in ion transport can lead to significant health issues in saltwater fish, emphasizing the importance of salt in their physiological adaptations.

How Does Salt Affect Physiological Functions?

Salt affects physiological functions in several critical ways. First, salt, primarily composed of sodium and chloride ions, helps regulate fluid balance in the body. Sodium maintains necessary blood volume and blood pressure. Next, salt supports nerve function. Nerve cells rely on sodium ions to generate electrical impulses that control muscle contractions and signal transfer.

Additionally, salt plays a role in muscle function. Sodium is vital for muscle contraction, while chloride helps maintain the electrical balance in cells. Furthermore, salt aids in digestion. It activates digestive enzymes and helps the stomach maintain an acidic environment for effective breakdown of food.

Excessive salt intake can lead to health issues. It can cause hypertension, or high blood pressure, by increasing blood volume. This condition stresses the cardiovascular system. Overall, salt is essential for numerous physiological functions but requires balance to ensure health.

How Do Saltwater Fish Maintain Their Internal Salt Concentration?

Saltwater fish maintain their internal salt concentration through osmoregulation, which involves active regulation of salt and water balance, mainly through specialized cells and organs.

Saltwater fish are hyperosmotic to their salty environment. This means they have a lower concentration of salt in their bodies compared to the surrounding seawater. To regulate their internal salt concentration, they employ several strategies:

• Gill Cells: Fish use specialized cells in their gills, called chloride cells, to actively transport ions. These cells remove excess sodium and chloride ions from the bloodstream. A study by Evans et al. (2005) highlighted how chloride cells utilize energy to secrete these ions back into the seawater, maintaining lower internal salt levels.

• Kidney Function: The kidneys of saltwater fish play a crucial role in osmoregulation. They produce small amounts of urine that are highly concentrated with waste products and excess salts. This adaptation allows fish to conserve water while excreting unwanted salts, as noted in a study by McCormick (2001).

• Drinking Water: Saltwater fish actively drink seawater to replace lost water. The water intake quenches their hydration needs but introduces more salt. Consequently, they must counterbalance this influx. Research by Wood and Anderson (1993) indicates that saltwater fish possess mechanisms to expel excess salts acquired through drinking.

• Metabolic Processes: Some fish species can convert dietary proteins and amino acids into urea and other substances, reducing the potential build-up of harmful nitrogenous waste products. This metabolic adaptation aids in maintaining a stable internal environment.

• Behavioral Adaptations: In addition to physiological mechanisms, saltwater fish adjust their behavior by seeking out areas in the ocean where salinity levels may be lower, thus reducing osmotic stress. Such behavioral adjustments are crucial for their survival and well-being.

Through these multifaceted strategies, saltwater fish successfully manage their internal salt concentrations and thrive in challenging marine environments.

What Mechanisms Are Involved in Osmoregulation?

The mechanisms involved in osmoregulation are processes through which organisms maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. This process is crucial for survival, especially in environments with varying salinity levels.

1. Osmotic Pressure Regulation
2. Ion Transport Mechanisms
3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Function
4. Specialized Organs for Excretion
5. Behavioral Adaptations

These mechanisms showcase a variety of perspectives on how different organisms adapt to their environments, highlighting the diversity in osmoregulatory strategies.

1. Osmotic Pressure Regulation: Osmotic pressure regulation refers to the control of water movement into and out of cells and organisms. This is achieved via semi-permeable cell membranes that allow water to flow while restricting the passage of solutes. Organisms maintain osmotic pressure through passive transport processes (diffusion) and active transport (pumping ions) to ensure homeostasis.

2. Ion Transport Mechanisms: Ion transport mechanisms involve the movement of ions such as sodium and potassium across cellular membranes. These processes are critical for maintaining ion gradients, which are essential for various cellular functions. For example, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell while bringing two potassium ions in, establishing an electrochemical gradient vital for nerve impulse transmission.

3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Function: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, plays a significant role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys. ADH increases the permeability of the kidney tubules to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This mechanism is particularly important in dehydrated states or high-salinity environments, as it helps retain water and concentrate urine.

4. Specialized Organs for Excretion: Various organisms have evolved specialized organs for excretion to manage water and solute balance. For instance, marine fish possess gills that actively pump out excess salt while retaining necessary water. In contrast, animals like kangaroo rats have highly efficient kidneys that produce concentrated urine, allowing for water conservation in arid environments.

5. Behavioral Adaptations: Behavioral adaptations also play a crucial role in osmoregulation. Organisms may alter their behavior to reduce water loss or intake excess nutrients. For example, some animals seek shade or burrow during the hottest parts of the day to minimize dehydration. Additionally, migratory patterns can help animals relocate to areas with more favorable conditions for osmoregulation.

Understanding these mechanisms highlights the intricate ways organisms adapt to their environments, ensuring their survival despite varying osmotic pressures.

Why Is Osmoregulation Essential for the Survival of Saltwater Fish?

Osmoregulation is essential for the survival of saltwater fish because it helps them maintain the balance of water and salts in their bodies. Saltwater fish live in environments where the concentration of salt outside their bodies is much higher than inside. This condition can lead to dehydration, as water moves out of their bodies through osmosis, a process where water travels from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Therefore, effective osmoregulation ensures their internal environment remains stable.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines osmoregulation as “the process by which organisms regulate the water and electrolyte balance to maintain cellular homeostasis” (NOAA, 2023). This definition highlights the importance of this process in ensuring the overall health and functioning of marine organisms, including fish.

Saltwater fish face unique challenges regarding water and salt balance. Due to the high salinity of their environment, they are at risk of losing too much water to their surroundings. In response, they must constantly drink seawater and excrete the excess salts. This process involves specialized organs and cells that perform essential functions. Their kidneys play a vital role in filtering out excess salts, while specialized gill cells effectively transport salts back into the water.

Some technical terms are crucial in understanding osmoregulation. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Saltwater fish rely on these processes to counteract the effects of their environment.

Osmoregulation involves several mechanisms. Essentially, when saltwater fish drink seawater, they intake large amounts of salt. The gills contain specialized cells called chloride cells that actively transport excess sodium and chloride ions back into the surrounding water. Additionally, the kidneys eliminate excess salts while conserving water. These processes help maintain an internal balance, preventing dehydration.

Several conditions influence osmoregulation in saltwater fish. For example, if a fish is unable to effectively remove excess salts, it can become hyperosmotic, leading to stress or death. Furthermore, changes in water temperature and salinity can heighten these challenges. For instance, during a rise in salinity due to evaporation in shallow waters, fish may need to exert more effort to regulate their internal balance, further stressing their physiological systems. These adaptations are crucial for thriving in a saltwater habitat.

In conclusion, osmoregulation is vital for the survival of saltwater fish. It helps them regulate their water and electrolyte balance despite the challenges posed by their high-salinity environment. Adequate mechanisms, such as the gills and kidneys, enable these fish to thrive in conditions that would otherwise threaten their well-being.

How Does It Impact Their Overall Health?

Saltwater fish require salt for several vital reasons that impact their overall health. First, saltwater fish maintain osmotic balance by regulating salt concentrations in their bodies. This balance prevents dehydration and supports cellular functions. Second, salt plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function. It helps transmit signals between the brain and muscles, allowing proper movement and coordination. Third, adequate salt levels support the immune system. This boosts the fish’s ability to fight off diseases and infections. Fourth, salt assists in the absorption of nutrients in the digestive system, enabling effective energy use. Lastly, improper salt levels can lead to stress. Stress in fish often results in weakened health and increased susceptibility to illness. Therefore, the presence of salt is essential for the overall health of saltwater fish, influencing their physiological functions and ensuring their survival.

What Unique Adaptations Allow Saltwater Fish to Thrive in Salty Environments?

Saltwater fish possess unique adaptations that enable them to thrive in high-salinity environments.

1. Specialized osmoregulation
2. Unique gill structures
3. Specialized kidneys
4. Salt-excreting cells
5. Dietary adaptations

These adaptations collectively enhance their ability to manage salt intake, maintain hydration, and sustain their physiological functions in salty surroundings.

1. Specialized Osmoregulation:
   Specialized osmoregulation allows saltwater fish to maintain the balance of salts in their bodies. In high salinity, these fish lose water through their skin and gills. To counter this, they actively drink seawater. A study by Avella and Loretz (2003) highlights how saltwater fish regulate internal osmotic pressure by expelling excess salts through specialized mechanisms, thus ensuring cellular function and hydration.

2. Unique Gill Structures:
   Unique gill structures help in the efficient exchange of gases and regulation of salt concentration. The gills of saltwater fish have specialized cells called chloride cells that actively transport sodium and chloride ions out of the fish. According to McCormick et al. (2010), this adaptation minimizes salt accumulation while facilitating oxygen absorption, critical for their survival.

3. Specialized Kidneys:
   Specialized kidneys in saltwater fish function to filter out excess salt from the bloodstream. Unlike freshwater fish, these kidneys concentrate urine to excrete minimal water while maintaining essential bodily fluids. Research indicates that these adaptations allow saltwater fish to thrive in a dehydrating environment without losing vital electrolytes (Morris, 2012).

4. Salt-Excreting Cells:
   Salt-excreting cells in saltwater fish perform essential functions in maintaining salt balance. These cells help expel excess salts that accumulate in saline environments. A 2016 review by Li et al. emphasizes how these cells, located in the gills and skin, are vital for osmoregulation by controlling ionic homeostasis.

5. Dietary Adaptations:
   Dietary adaptations enable saltwater fish to obtain necessary nutrients while maintaining salt balance. These fish often consume marine organisms that carry lower salt concentrations compared to seawater. This dietary behavior reduces the need for excessive osmoregulation while fulfilling nutritional requirements. A study by Pauly et al. (2000) showcases how dietary habits significantly influence their adaptation strategies in diverse saline habitats.

Which Specific Physical Traits Enhance Their Survival?

The specific physical traits that enhance the survival of saltwater fish include adaptations for osmoregulation, gill structure, body shape, and coloration.

1. Osmoregulation adaptations
2. Specialized gill structures
3. Streamlined body shape
4. Protective coloration

These traits exhibit a range of benefits that help saltwater fish thrive in their environments.

1. Osmoregulation Adaptations: Osmoregulation adaptations enable saltwater fish to maintain internal fluid balance despite high salt concentrations in their environment. Saltwater fish must expel excess salt while retaining water. They achieve this through specialized kidneys that filter out salt and produce concentrated urine. According to a study by Evans et al. (2005), these adaptations are essential for survival, as dehydration can lead to lethal effects.

2. Specialized Gill Structures: Specialized gill structures help saltwater fish extract oxygen from seawater efficiently. The gills contain ionocytes that actively transport sodium and chloride ions out of the bloodstream. This mechanism supports respiration and osmoregulation simultaneously. Research published by Wood and Marshall (1994) highlights the importance of these structures in enabling fish to thrive in saline waters.

3. Streamlined Body Shape: A streamlined body shape reduces drag and allows saltwater fish to swim efficiently in the ocean’s currents. This shape contributes to agility, enabling fish to evade predators and chase prey. According to the study by Lauder and Jayne (2002), streamlined bodies are a common morphological trait among many active marine fish.

4. Protective Coloration: Protective coloration aids in camouflage and predator avoidance. Many saltwater fish exhibit colors or patterns that blend with their surroundings. This adaptation helps reduce visibility to predators or prey. A study by Endler (1991) emphasizes that coloration plays a critical role in the survival strategies of aquatic organisms, particularly in complex reef environments.

How Does the Salinity of Their Habitat Impact Saltwater Fish Physiology?

The salinity of their habitat significantly impacts saltwater fish physiology. Saltwater fish maintain a higher concentration of salts in their bodies compared to the surrounding seawater. This difference in salt concentration leads to osmoregulation, a process that regulates the balance of water and salts in their bodies.

To survive in saline environments, saltwater fish actively excrete excess salts through specialized cells in their gills. These cells, called chloride cells, transport ions out of their bodies. This action prevents dehydration, which occurs due to water loss to the surrounding environment. Additionally, saltwater fish drink large amounts of seawater to maintain hydration. They then filter the water through their kidneys, excreting concentrated urine to retain necessary water.

The high salinity also affects their metabolism. Saltwater fish have adaptations that enable them to efficiently use energy. They possess streamlined bodies, which reduce resistance when swimming. Their robust gills efficiently extract oxygen from seawater, essential for their energy needs.

In summary, the salinity of their habitat drives saltwater fish to develop essential physiological adaptations. They employ osmoregulation to manage salt and water balance, utilize specialized cells to excrete excess salts, and adapt their metabolic processes to thrive in high-salinity environments.

What Changes Occur in Their Bodies in Different Saline Conditions?

Different saline conditions cause various physiological changes in organisms, particularly aquatic species. These changes affect osmoregulation, tissue structure, and metabolic processes.

1. Osmoregulation
2. Cellular Structure
3. Metabolism
4. Respiratory Adaptations
5. Behavioral Changes

These key points highlight how organisms adapt to varying saline environments. Now, let’s delve deeper into each aspect.

1. Osmoregulation:
   Osmoregulation refers to the process by which organisms regulate their internal salt and water balance. In different saline conditions, fish must adjust their bodily functions to maintain homeostasis. For instance, marine fish drink seawater to compensate for water loss due to osmosis. They then excrete the excess salt through specialized cells in their gills. A study by Evans et al. (2005) highlights that species like the killifish can handle extreme salinity variations due to their efficient osmoregulation mechanisms.

2. Cellular Structure:
   Cellular structure changes in response to saline conditions. Fish living in saline waters often have more robust cell membranes to withstand osmotic pressure. For example, marine teleosts exhibit increased production of a protein called Na+, K+ – ATPase, enhancing their ability to expel excess sodium ions. Research conducted by Hwang (2009) illustrates how structural adaptations in gill epithelium support these functions.

3. Metabolism:
   Metabolism is affected by saline conditions, influencing energy expenditure. Saltwater fish may exhibit higher metabolic rates due to the energy required for osmoregulation. According to a study by Zeng et al. (2014), increased salinity can elevate the metabolic rates of certain fish species, impacting their growth and reproductive success. Conversely, freshwater fish must expend energy to uptake ions, which alters their metabolic pathways when acclimatizing to saltwater.

4. Respiratory Adaptations:
   Respiratory adaptations also occur in various saline conditions. Fish that thrive in saltwater typically have gills adapted for efficient gas exchange while excreting excess salts. A study by Marshall and Grosell (2006) highlights how the increased density of gill lamellae in marine fish supports both respiration and ion exchange. In contrast, fresh water species possess features to retain positive ions while exhaling excess water.

5. Behavioral Changes:
   Behavioral adaptations emerge as a response to saline environments. For instance, certain fish may migrate between saline and freshwater to balance their ion levels. The Pacific salmon is known for its remarkable ability to transition between fresh and saltwater environments, adapting both behaviorally and physiologically to ensure survival. Research by Quinn (2005) demonstrates that such migratory patterns can influence reproductive strategies in variable salinities.

Overall, organisms exhibit multiple adaptations in response to different saline conditions, demonstrating the dynamic nature of life in varied aquatic environments.

What Challenges Do Saltwater Fish Encounter Due to High Salinity?

Saltwater fish encounter several challenges due to high salinity in their environment. These challenges greatly affect their survival, health, and reproduction.

1. Osmoregulation
2. Dehydration
3. Ion imbalance
4. Energy expenditure
5. Stress responses

Understanding these challenges is essential to grasp the complex adaptations saltwater fish have developed over time.

1. Osmoregulation:
   Osmoregulation refers to the process by which saltwater fish maintain fluid balance despite living in a high-salinity environment. Saltwater fish face a risk of water loss due to osmosis, where water moves from a region of lower salt concentration (inside the fish) to a region of higher concentration (surrounding seawater). According to a study by Evans and Claiborne (2006), saltwater fish actively drink seawater and produce highly concentrated urine to expel excess salt.

2. Dehydration:
   Dehydration occurs as saltwater fish lose water through their gills and skin. The high saline content outside their bodies creates a gradient that draws water out. Research by Wilson and Laurent (2002) indicates that this water loss can lead to a decrease in body fluid volume. To mitigate this, these fish have adapted to ingest seawater and utilize specialized cells to process and excrete excess salts.

3. Ion imbalance:
   Ion imbalance arises as saltwater fish struggle to maintain stable levels of essential ions such as sodium and potassium. High salinity affects the balance of these ions, which are crucial for nerve and muscle function. A study by Arita et al. (2013) found that fish like the tilapia can regulate their ion levels through specialized ionocytes in their gills. This adaptation helps maintain homeostasis in a fluctuating environment.

4. Energy expenditure:
   Energy expenditure becomes a concern as saltwater fish work hard to maintain their internal conditions. The osmotic pressure created by high salinity requires significant metabolic energy for processes like osmoregulation and ion transport. According to a study by McKenzie et al. (2010), some fish species exhibit higher metabolic rates under saline stress, which can affect growth and reproductive success.

5. Stress responses:
   Stress responses in saltwater fish can lead to physiological and behavioral changes. High salinity can induce stress, which may result in suppressed immune function and increased susceptibility to disease. A review by Schreck (2010) highlights that chronic stress from salinity fluctuations can lead to long-term health issues in fish populations. Such stress responses illustrate the overall importance of maintaining stable environmental conditions for these species.

In conclusion, saltwater fish face significant challenges due to high salinity, impacting their osmoregulation, hydration, ion balance, energy use, and stress responses. Understanding these challenges aids in the conservation and management of marine ecosystems.

How Are These Challenges Addressed in Their Daily Lives?

To address the challenges of living in saltwater, fish employ various strategies in their daily lives. First, saltwater fish actively regulate their internal salt concentration. They drink seawater to intake necessary water while using specialized cells in their gills to excrete excess salt. Second, they use their kidneys to filter out extra salt from their bloodstream, maintaining an optimal balance. Third, many species store excess salt in tissues or excrete it through their urine. Additionally, fish often seek out deeper or more variable environments where salinity levels might be lower, reducing stress. By combining these methods, saltwater fish successfully adapt to their challenging habitats.

How Do Saltwater Fish Acquire the Essential Salt They Need for Survival?

Saltwater fish acquire essential salt through two main processes: ingestion of seawater and specialized physiological mechanisms. These processes ensure their survival in a saline environment.

1. Ingestion of seawater: Saltwater fish actively drink seawater to obtain the salt they need. According to a study by Chabot and Duffy (2015), this direct consumption allows them to maintain the necessary salt balance in their bodies.

2. Osmoregulation: Fish have specialized kidney functions that help regulate salt levels. Their kidneys excrete excess salts while retaining water. Studies show that the kidneys of marine fish are efficient in producing concentrated urine to minimize water loss (Sasada et al., 2020).

3. Active transport: Saltwater fish use active transport mechanisms to absorb salt through their gills. The gill cells pump sodium and chloride ions from the surrounding water into their bodies, maintaining a proper ionic balance. Research by Evans et al. (2005) highlights the efficiency of ion transporters in these gill cells.

4. Cellular regulation: Inside their cells, fish utilize cellular structures called ion channels to manage ion concentrations. This helps maintain homeostasis despite external environmental changes. A study by Tuteja et al. (2015) depicted how ion channels modulate salt and water movement across cell membranes.

These processes collectively help saltwater fish thrive in their high-salinity habitats. By drinking seawater, regulating salt excretion, using active transport, and managing cellular ion concentrations, they effectively balance their internal salt levels and ensure survival.

What Dietary Sources Contribute to Their Salt Intake?

Several dietary sources contribute to salt intake in individuals. These sources vary in type and quantity, affecting overall sodium consumption.

1. Processed Foods
2. Salted Snacks
3. Restaurant Meals
4. Canned Foods
5. Condiments
6. Natural Foods

Understanding these dietary sources can help individuals manage their salt consumption more effectively.

1. Processed Foods:
   Processed foods refer to items that undergo industrial processing and often contain added salt for flavoring and preservation. Common examples include packaged meals, frozen dinners, and deli meats. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 70% of the sodium intake in the American diet comes from processed foods, highlighting their significant role in overall salt consumption.

2. Salted Snacks:
   Salted snacks encompass a range of food items such as chips, pretzels, and popcorn. These snacks are typically seasoned with salt to enhance taste. According to a 2021 study published in the Journal of Nutrition, these foods contribute disproportionately to daily salt intake, especially in children and teenagers, who often prefer high-salt snack options.

3. Restaurant Meals:
   Restaurant meals can be unexpectedly high in salt. Many restaurants use sodium-rich ingredients and seasoning to enhance flavor. A study by the American Heart Association found that restaurant meals may contain up to 2,000 milligrams of sodium or more, which can exceed the recommended daily limit for many people.

4. Canned Foods:
   Canned foods often contain added salt as a preservative. Products like canned vegetables, soups, and beans may have higher sodium levels compared to their fresh counterparts. The USDA reports that rinsing these items can reduce sodium levels substantially, but many consumers may not consider this before consumption.

5. Condiments:
   Condiments, such as soy sauce, ketchup, and salad dressings, can be significant contributors to salt intake. For example, two tablespoons of soy sauce contain about 1,000 milligrams of sodium. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition states that people often underestimate the sodium content in condiments, leading to excessive intake.

6. Natural Foods:
   While less common, certain natural foods like celery, beets, and seaweed also contain sodium. These foods are typically lower in sodium compared to processed items, but they still contribute to overall salt intake. A 2018 study by the National Institutes of Health found that naturally occurring sodium in fruits and vegetables can add up when consumed in large quantities.

By identifying these sources, individuals can make informed decisions and potentially lower their sodium intake for better health outcomes.

Related Post:

• Why do freshwater fish need to have efficient excretory system
• Why do good bass lakes stop producing fish
• Why do i get a headache after eating tuna fish
• Why do i only catch one bass everytime i fish
• Why do people let bass fish go